Seal Oil Health Benefits Claims References

Heart Health Omega-3 Research References

Ann C. Skulas-Ray,*, Michael R. Flock, Chesney K. Richter, William S. Harris, Sheila G. West 1,3 and Penny M. Kris-Etherton., Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, Nutrients 2015, 7, 6390-6404; doi:10.3390/nu7085291
J Neubronner, JP Schuchardt, G Kressel, M Merkel, C von Schacky and A Hahn,Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz Universita, Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides versus ethyl esters, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011) 65, 247–254
Lewis EJH, Perkins BA, Lovblom LE, Bazinet RP, Wolever TMS, Bril V. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: A 12-month pilot trial, Neurology. Epub 2017 May 17.
MCBURNEY, MICHEAL, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health,Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health – 03 – 2013 – TalkingNutrition – DSM
Pratibha Dubey, Anura P. Jayasooriya* and Sukhinder K. Cheema,Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada *Current Address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka. Diets Enriched in Fish-Oil or Seal-Oil have Distinct Effects on Lipid Levels and Peroxidation in BioF1B Hamsters, Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2011:4
Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, Ikuo Morita, Sei-itsu Murota,Department Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3),an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator or endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (1996) 54(5), 319-325
Urabe , Y. et al., Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine , Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima. Japan, Association Between Serum Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Coronary Plaque Detected by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients Receiving Statin Therapy, Circulation Journal (Japanese Circulation Society), in press , 2013

Joint Health Omega-3 Research References

Choi M, JuJ, Suh JS, Park KY, Kim KH. Effects of Omega-3-Rich Harp Seal Oil on the Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Preventive nutrition and food science 2015;20:83-7.
Gan RW, BemisEA, DemoruelleMK, et al. The association between omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers and inflammatory arthritis in an anti-citrullinated protein antibody positive population. Rheumatology(Oxford) 2017;56:2229-36.
Miller, E., Kaur, G., Larsen, A., Loh, S. P., Linderborg, K., Weisinger, H. S., et al. (2013). A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur. J. Nutr. 52, 895–904. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0396-3
Morin C, Blier PU, Fortin S. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid monoglycerides are more potent than docosahexaenoic acid monoglyceride to resolve inflammation in a rheumatoid arthritis model. ArthritisResTher2015;17:142.
Morin C, Hiram R, Rousseau E, Blier PU, Fortin S. Docosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride reduces inflammation and vascular remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J PhysiolHeartCircPhysiol2014;307:H574-86.
Neil J . Mann, et al. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects, epub, 2010.
Skulas-Ray AC, Flock MR, Richter CK, Harris WS, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM. RedBlood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-DependentlyIncreasesFollowingn-3 FattyAcid Supplementation. Nutrients2015;7:6390-404.
ToshieKanayasu-Toyoda, et al. Docosapentaenoicacid(22:5, n-3), an elongationmetaboliteof eicosapentaenoicacid(20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, 1996.
Wiese DM, Horst SN, Brown CT, et al. SerumFattyAcidsAre CorrelatedwithInflammatoryCytokines in UlcerativeColitis. PLoSOne 2016;11:e0156387.

Brain Health Omega-3 Research References

ALESSANDRI JM, GUESNET P, VANCASSEL S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system : evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life. Reprod Nutr Dev 2004 ; 44 : 509-38.
BOURRE JM. Acides gras oméga-3 alimentaires et neuropsychiatrie. OCL 2004 ; 11 : 362-70.
Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Hibbeln J. Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 15;32(2):568-75. Epub 2007 Nov 1.
CHALON S. Acides gras polyinsaturés et fonctions cognitives. OCL 2001 ; 4 : 317-20.
Deacon G1, Kettle C1, Hayes D2, Dennis C2, Tucci J2.Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of depression. Food Sci Nutr. 2017
GUESNET P, ALESSANDRI JM, ASTORG P, PIFFERI F, LAVIALLE M. Les rôles physiologiques majeurs exercés par les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI). OCL 2005 ; 12 : 333-43.
KYLE DJ. The role of docosahexaenoic acid in the evolution and function of human brain. New Comprehensive Biochem 2002 ; 35 : 1-22.
Lespérance, F., Frasure-Smith, N., St-André, É., Turecki, G., Lespérance, P., Wisniewski, S. R. (2010). The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m05966blu
Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Altamura C, Neels H, Melt-zer HY: Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85:275–291
Masoumi SZ1, Kazemi F2, Tavakolian S3, Rahimi A4, Oshvandi K5, Soltanian A6, Shobeiri F1.Effect of Citalopram in Combination with Omega-3 on Depression in Post-menopausal Women: A Triple Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Jan 2;57(1):212-223.
Miller, E., Kaur, G., Larsen, A., Loh, S. P., Linderborg, K., Weisinger, H. S., et al. (2013). A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur. J. Nutr. 52, 895–904. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0396-3
WAINWRIGHT PE. Dietary essential fatty acids and brain function : a developmental perspective on mechanisms. Proc Nutr Soc 2002 ; 61 :61-9.

Prenatal Health Omega-3 Research References

Alireza Ostadrahimi, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh, Mozhgan Mirgafourvand, Sina Yaghoubi,4 Elham Shahrisa, Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili, Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): A Systematic Review, Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016 Nov; 18(11): e24690.
Bishop NA1,1, Leblanc CP, Dietary Intake of DHA and EPA in a Group of Pregnant Women in the Moncton Area. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2017 Feb 1:1-7. doi: 10.3148/cjdpr-2016-033. [Epub ahead of print]
Gould JF, Best K, Makrides M. Perinatal nutrition interventions and post-partum depressive symptoms. 2016 Dec 18. pii: S0165-0327(16)31113-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.014.
Juan Li, Huaixia yin, Douglas M. Bibus, Oleksandr A. Byelashov. The role of Omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid in pregnancy and early development. Euro Fed Lipid Highlights 2016.
Juber BA, Jackson KH, Johnson KB, Harris WS, Baack ML., Breast milk DHA levels may increase after informing women: a community-based cohort study from South Dakota USA. Int Breastfeed J. 2017 Jan 28;12:7. doi: 10.1186/s13006-016-0099-0. eCollection 2016.
Maria Makrides, Understanding the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)supplementation during pregnancy on multiple outcomes from the DOMInO trial, Published by EDP Sciences DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2015045 (2015)

Active Lifestyle Omega-3 Research References

ALEXANDER LEAF D, C RANAN RAUCH. Hypothesis: Omega-3 fatty acids and blood rheology: Implications for human aerobic performance. Ann Sports Med, 4(1): 32-36, 1988.
Evan J. H. Lewis, Peter W. Radonic, Thomas M. S. Wolever ,Greg D. Wells, 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2015)
Huffman et al. “Effect of n-3 fatty acids on free tryptophan and exercise fatigue.” Eur J Appl Physiol 92:584-591 (2004).
Lachlan Hingley et al. DHA-rich Fish Oil Increases the Omega-3 Index and Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Physiologically Stressful Cycling in Trained Individuals. Human Kinetics Journal. Volume 27 Issue 4, August 2017.
LEGER C, C-Y GUEZENNEC, N KADRI HASSINI, P SATABIN. Les acides gras phospho-lipidiques membranaires au cours de l’effort physique de longue durée avec ou sans apport nutritionnel d’huile de poissons. Cah Nutr Diét, XXVII(2): 82-89, 1992
L Hingley et al. Low dose fish oil increases the omega-3 index improving cycling efficiency and heart rate recovery. J Sci Cycling. Vol. 3(2), 41 (2014)
Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation attenuates inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in untrained men.Clin J Sports Med. (2011)
Zebrowska et al. “Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes.” Eur J Sport Sci 15: 305-314 (2015).